Discovering a Community in the Projects :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Discovering a Community in the ProjectsAs I was driving through my hometown of Any Town, USA, I began thinking of the company and how it compargons to opposite communities. Then an field of battle of the town caught my eye. It is an area shunned by the citizens who do not live there. It is referred to as the projects or low income house. This area has a knotty reputation in the community. The children who live there are thought of as trouble makers, the adults, lazy. However, I noticed something different, something that the outsiders seem to neglect. It was neighbors that act like neighbors. The children were compete unitedly and the parents were sharing events with each other. This conversing and playing is something I do not see much of in the other parts of Any Town.In my opinion, this detached housing development was a closer community thus all of Any Town. There is closeness in the midst of the people who live in those buildings that I feel not seen in my own neighbor hood. That bond between neighbors is what everyone says we feel lost due to computers and other technology. As a result, low-income housing neighborhoods may emolument from not being able to afford things like computers. They benefit because the people of the neighborhood need each other for help, even with things as simple as homework. The richer the parents, the slight interested they were in time at home. The poorer they were, the to a greater extent interested (Snell 28). So these neighborhoods are built around people with low income, yet they prosper because of that. I believe that our society is dying due to computers and other things we now rely on. Things so materialistic as beepers, cell phones, and voice mail have pass away part of our survival. We do not even have to drop in at home to say hello to our family anymore, we just send a straightaway e-mail. People who do not rely on these technical things rely on each other for entertainment as the children do by playing together outside, to inform each other of accepted events, or even to chat face-to-face rather than computer screen-to-computer screen.It is thought that it takes a community to produce a child, and a small community quarter accomplish that more so than a large one (Nelle 9). The small community within a larger one is able to prosper on its own because it has to, in a sense.Discovering a Community in the Projects Exploratory Essays Research PapersDiscovering a Community in the ProjectsAs I was driving through my hometown of Any Town, USA, I began thinking of the community and how it compares to other communities. Then an area of the town caught my eye. It is an area shunned by the citizens who do not live there. It is referred to as the projects or low income housing. This area has a bad reputation in the community. The children who live there are thought of as trouble makers, the adults, lazy. However, I noticed something different, something that the outsiders seem to negle ct. It was neighbors that act like neighbors. The children were playing together and the parents were sharing events with each other. This conversing and playing is something I do not see much of in the other parts of Any Town.In my opinion, this detached housing development was a closer community then all of Any Town. There is closeness between the people who live in those buildings that I have not seen in my own neighborhood. That bond between neighbors is what everyone says we have lost due to computers and other technology. As a result, low-income housing neighborhoods may benefit from not being able to afford things like computers. They benefit because the people of the neighborhood need each other for help, even with things as simple as homework. The richer the parents, the less interested they were in time at home. The poorer they were, the more interested (Snell 28). So these neighborhoods are built around people with low income, yet they prosper because of that. I believe t hat our society is dying due to computers and other things we now rely on. Things so materialistic as beepers, cell phones, and voice mail have become part of our survival. We do not even have to drop in at home to say hello to our family anymore, we just send a quick e-mail. People who do not rely on these technical things rely on each other for entertainment as the children do by playing together outside, to inform each other of current events, or even to chat face-to-face rather than computer screen-to-computer screen.It is thought that it takes a community to raise a child, and a small community can accomplish that more so than a large one (Nelle 9). The small community within a larger one is able to prosper on its own because it has to, in a sense.

Franklin Roosevelts New Deal Essays -- American History

It was called relief. Franklin Roosevelts current multitude provided relief to millions of Americans who had lost their homes, their jobs, and their hope. Many others felt that the radical new policies of FDR threatened the sanctity of the Constitution and free enterprise. Roosevelts New Deal policies had many critics but among the most vocal were groups like the American Liberty coalition and powerful Socialists who argued that the New Deal policies either went too far or not far enough in solving the problems that faced the nation.Roosevelts critics came from both ends of the political spectrum. The American Liberty League was an opposing group made up of conservative businessmen and corporate leaders. Believing that the free enterprise system was being attacked, they accused Roosevelt of trying to install a dictatorship in spot of the federal authorities. In an excerpt from a 1935 article in Fortune magazine, the Roosevelt Administration is thought to be a government of men and not laws. The seed compares Roosevelt to a dictator and calls his theory of federal administration menacing and dangerous. Another political cartoon printed in the June 1936 issue of Current History, ridicules the Liberty League as being alarmist in accusing Roosevelt of bringing communism into the country. Herbert Hoover, a former president, agreed with the conservative ideas of thisgroup. He disagreed with New Deal Legislation such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) or the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The basic idea of these New Deal programs was to lower the make out of goods to the current, depressed level of consumption. Under the AAA, the government sought to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow surplus crops. Other ... ...ved that Roosevelt did not kick about ending poverty, but instead was more concerned about the fortunes of his wealthy associates. Known as being the most dramatic and innovative question in modern history, the New Dea l helped Americans find a new sense of hope for the future that was once thought to be forever lost. Although the New Deal didnt necessarily end the Great Depression, it successfully played a major government agency in relieving the distress of unemployment and poverty for many. However, it was the first time that government had played such an active role in the nations economy and because of that many worried about the future of the nation. Some of Roosevelts experimental programs are still in effect today. Programs such as Social Security, the FDIC and the SEC have become an integral part of society and they play as important a role today as they did in 1935.

Columbia Sportswear Company Essay example -- Corporate Profile

Early to bed, early to rise, break like hell and advertise- Gert Boyle, Chairperson of Columbia sportswearColumbia Sportswear Company (Columbia) is a leader in the competitive active outdoor apparel industry. A company propelled by their differentiation strategy, leveraging innovation, brand equity, and strong marketing in the design, manufacture, and distribution of outdoor apparel. Columbias product lines include everything from outerwear and footwear to camping equipment and skiwear. It has grown from a small hat company in the 1930s into a company with a global strategy and a physical and online presence spanning Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Europe.To fully appreciate the evolution of Columbia from a corporation that was a niche manufacturer of outdoor clothing aimed at fishermeninto an international brand and publicly traded powerhouse, (1) one must understand the level of perseverance, work ethic, dedication, and attitude of one Gertrude Boyle now 87, but still One Bad Mother. (Exhibit1) Gert Boyle took over the family argumentation in the 1970s after the sudden death of her husband. A candid and straight person, Boyle has often admitted that, having never worked a day in her life, she had no idea what to do when she first began running the company. (2) Despite her lack of experience, Boyle helped bite Columbia from a company near bankruptcy and collapse into a billion dollar publicly traded organization. Along the way she relied on her natural business savvy and perseverance, overcoming trials such as family tragedy and even an attempted kidnapping. Columbias corporate culture and business personality reflects a great go on of the ideals which Gert Boyles leadership had imbued into the company. ... ...loomberg.com/news/2012-02-07/collective-brands-said-to-pare-pool-of-bidders-to-10-ahead-of-second-round.html?cmpid=yhoo.41. Regenold, Stephen. Gear Junkie. Columbia calls B.S. on Outdoors Industry. Online November 10, 2010. Cited April 20 , 2012. http//gearjunkie.com/columbia-sportswear-2011-electric-heated-jackets.42. Larson, Erik. Columbia Sportswear Files European Antitrust Complaint W.L. Gore. Bloomburg L.P. Online June 13, 2011. Cited April 20, 2012. http//www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-13/columbia-sportswear-files-european-antitrust-complaint-w-l-gore.html.43. REI. 2009 Stewardship Report. REI Inc. Online 2010. Cited April 19, 2012. http//www.rei.com/stewardship.html.44. Columbia Sportswear Company. Columbia. About Us. Online April 18, 2012. Cited April 23, 2012. http//www.columbia.com/About-Us/About_Us_Landing,default,pg.html.

Digital Home Convergence Essay -- Technology Technological Essays

Digital Home ConvergenceOverviewAs technology and entertainment converge inside the central office, major players in various industries atomic number 18 taking polar strategies in planning for the future. The concept of the digital home volition likely take one of two forms a closed equip entertainment cyberspace (PVRs, OnDemand) or an open wireless data network (web, email, VOIP, IPTV). The closed model is already being offered in many homes across the country, but as technology advances, the open model leave behind become the standard. It is important to understand how both technology and entertainment atomic number 18 companies are strategizing to control the digital home. ground on research in this report, it appears that four things are likely to occur. First, convergence of technology will create the need for standards in the digital home network. often in the way it took some time before the Wintel model became standard, we will have to wait and see which model take s hold in home entertainment. at once a model is chosen as standard, there will be an explosion of products and services catering to that model in the market. Second, increasing competition will lead to alliances between companies in different industries. PC technology companies that have no presence in home entertainment might look to jalopy their way into the digital home. For example, Microsoft is currently striking deals with several major phone companies to provide the platform for IPTV. Many people also suspect that apple might acquire TiVo in order to gain a presence in TV and create a service platform for video-on-demand. Third, the successful companies in the battle for the digital home will be the ones who authorize customer loyalty. Consumers are reluctant to change their behaviors, especially ones like TV watching that are so entrenched. Companies need to deliver products and services reliably in order to facilitate a consumer shift to the digital home. Finally, majo r content providers will hold up the process until they see digital distribution as a way to profit their long-term profits. Home video divisions of entertainment companies are extremely profitable. They do not want to jeopardize this profitability just to be at the front of the technology curve. The infrastructure behind the digital home will have to be in place before the major studios choose to participate.Hardware - PCsCompanies in the ... ...cess is due to a combination of factors, including pricing, infrastructure, demographics, geography, deregulation, and clear exploiter benefits. ConclusionIn conclusion, we expect to observe significant convergence of technology and entertainment, which will either be in the form of a closed wired entertainment network (PVRs, OnDemand) or an open wireless data network (web, email, VOIP, IPTV). We predict that the open model will become a standard in the future. In support of our thesis, we would like to recapitulate four major trends tha t will likely happen in the near-term future.1. A standard(s) will be created in the digital home network. Once a model is chosen as a standard, we can expect to see a proliferation of products and services that are compatible with that standard.2. change magnitude competition will lead to increased synergies and alliances amongst hardware, software and distribution companies.3. The companies successful in the digital home entertainment space will be the ones who earn customer loyalty.4. Major content providers (e.g. movie studios) will hold up the process until they see digital distribution as a way to increase their long-term profits.

The Merger of Womens and Mens Sports will Benefit Women :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

The Merger of Womens and Mens Sports will Benefit WomenEvery sports fan hates to admit the fact that sports be simply business, but it is undeniable that sports are one of the most lucrative businesses in the U.S. Right now the mart for womens professional sports is growing rapidly. The best way for womens sporting organizations to promote and sell this market is to align with previously established organizations such as the NBA, NCAA and the USOIC. Although joining with mens organizations is a difficult process that involves compromise, merging with these organizations helps to land big television contracts, gives great publicity, and brings in endorsements, advertisers and investors. The lack of these benefits was among the key factors in the failure of the ABL. Inversely, these are the reasons for the successes of the WNBA and womens sports in the Olympics. Through step to the fore the history of female athletics merging with male sports organizations has not everlastingly bee n a pleasant experience. In 1982 the AIAW merged with the NCAA, despite the NCAA fighting tooth and nail to try and find ways out of Title IX, an act of Congress that demand Universities to provide equal funding for womens athletics. The NCAA did everything they could to stop the equal funding but finally gave in during the 1990s. Right now the NCAA embraces its womens sports programs and has had many women represented on the executive committee roster and even has a committee on womens athletics. Also, the NCAA has worked out television contracts with ESPN, FOX sports and CBS. This has lead to not only coverage of womens sports but publicity. Womens games are talked about on Sports Center and College Hoops Tonight everyday during the season. The addition of the womens to the Olympics did a lot more to promote commercial secures and the advancement of womens The Womens Olympic Games went out of business shortly after the Olympics allowed women to participate. Women lost a lot with this merger at first due to the fact that women were prohibited from many Olympic events that they could birth participated in as part of the Womens Olympics. These restrictions werent lifted until 1984. However in the long run co-ed Olympics are beneficial for womens sports. At the 2002 Olympics at Salt Lake urban center there was only two sports that USA women did not compete in, ski jumping and the Nordic combined.

The Merger of Womens and Mens Sports will Benefit Women :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

The Merger of Womens and Mens Sports will Benefit WomenEvery sports fan hates to admit the fact that sports argon simply business, but it is undeniable that sports atomic number 18 one of the most lucrative businesses in the U.S. Right now the market for womens professional sports is growing rapidly. The best way for womens sporting organizations to promote and sell this market is to align with previously established organizations such as the NBA, NCAA and the USOIC. Although joining with mens organizations is a difficult process that involves compromise, merging with these organizations helps to land big television contracts, gives greater publicity, and brings in endorsements, advertisers and investors. The lack of these benefits was among the key factors in the failure of the ABL. Inversely, these are the reasons for the successes of the WNBA and womens sports in the Olympics. Through reveal the history of female athletics merging with male sports organizations has not always b een a pleasant experience. In 1982 the AIAW merged with the NCAA, despite the NCAA fighting tooth and nail to try and find ways out of Title IX, an act of Congress that essential Universities to provide equal funding for womens athletics. The NCAA did everything they could to stop the equal funding but finally gave in during the 1990s. Right now the NCAA embraces its womens sports programs and has had many women represented on the executive director committee roster and even has a committee on womens athletics. Also, the NCAA has worked out television contracts with ESPN, FOX sports and CBS. This has lead to not only coverage of womens sports but publicity. Womens games are talked about on Sports Center and College Hoops Tonight everyday during the season. The addition of the womens to the Olympics did a lot more to promote commercial secures and the advancement of womens The Womens Olympic Games went out of business shortly after the Olympics allowed women to participate. Women l ost a lot with this merger at first due to the fact that women were prohibited from many Olympic events that they could throw off participated in as part of the Womens Olympics. These restrictions werent lifted until 1984. However in the long run co-ed Olympics are beneficial for womens sports. At the 2002 Olympics at Salt Lake urban center there was only two sports that USA women did not compete in, ski jumping and the Nordic combined.

An analysis of Virginia Woolf’s Essay

During the time in which she wrote Mrs Dalloway, on June 19, 1923, Virginia Woolf made a diary entry which expressed a key thought she intended to hold back in the novel In this book, I have almost too many ideas. I expect to give life and death, sanity and insanity. I want to criticise the social system, and show it at work, at its most intense. While some critics have insisted that Virginia Woolf did not care about social values, her husband after said that she was pro gively interested in the social issues of the world around her. This is borne out in Mrs.Dalloway, which does not pervert away from the social and political issues of her time. Her characters turn to politics, questioning the status quo and the social order in which they lived. Woolf largely addressed these issues indirectly, showing her views in her works without the authorial interpretation that might be found in a traditional novel she leaves final judgement to her readers. Mrs Dalloway came at a time when man y social critics in England questioned the prevailing ideology. Prior to the war, England had stood at the head of a great empire, upon which the sun never set.When the war ended, England counted herself among the victorious powers, but the horrific losses of the war had destroyed the imperial confidence. In the drive out of the war, many people sought to break out of the old thinking to find some new way of understanding the world. In the opening meter of the novel, Clarissa Dalloway proclaims her independence Mrs. Dalloway said she would buy the flowers herself. (Woolf 3) She will do this because Lucy has so much work to do. First of all, Mrs. Dalloway and Lucy. Her maid has no last name, and her own name appends her to her husband.Further, magic spell she feels she is taking on a part of the work that more properly is Lucys, her work is only a matter of buying flowers. Woolf injects similar irony passim the novel, following on the idea suggested in this very first sentence , theme of social commentary. In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf shows the abiding superficiality of the social order of which Clarissa Dalloway is a member. other(a) in this section, Clarissa Dalloway thinks of look out on Kilman, a Communist whom she regards as callous, because she brought out guilt feelings in Clarissa swing Kilman would do anything for the Russians, starved herself for the Austrians, but in private inflicted positivistic torture, so insensitive was she, dressed in a green mackintosh coat. Year in and year out she wore that cost she perspired she was never in the elbow room five minutes without making you feel her superiority, your inferiority how poor she was how fertile you were how she lived in a slum without a cushion or a hunch over or a rug or whatever it might be, all her soul rusted with that grievance sticking in it, her dismissal from school during the warfare (Woolf, 12) Doris Kilman is critical to this novel. She is an outsider, someone below the Dalloways class. In the mackintosh she wears almost as a uniform, she hates and resents them for the ease of their social graces, their wealth, and their class standing. She has been hired to tutor Miss Elizabeth Dalloway in history. While the Dalloways sought someone who could teach this subject objectively, in reality, she shows the meaning of objectivity objectivity is built on objects, on the property that the rich have, and the poor do not.Miss Kilman covets what the Dalloways possess. She Clarissa Dalloways vanity and deceit, Miss Kilman has become convinced that she deserve their money or social position more than they do. In truth, however, she herself is vain, a reverse snob whose mackintosh smelling of sweat is her ensign, proof of her poverty, proof that she belongs to the lower orders, without the cushions and rugs. But her disaffection for that life is clear. Oddly, Miss Kilman turns to religion, ostensibly for comforter and peace. although she uses the religiosity as a weapon against Clarissa Dalloway.She puffs herself up, comparing her sufferings with those of Christ, who warned of those who pray loudly in the public square that they already have their reward. She is dogmatic and self-righteous, the sacred messenger of a new faith. Ironically, Clarissa fears males, and looks most fondly for the companionship of women. Miss Kilman is a greater threat than any man in her life. However, it is more the idea that Miss Kilman represents than the woman herself. She has brought her destructive, envious force into the Dalloway house. Her target her is Elizabeth, Clarissas daughter.Even in this campaign, Woolf shows us the sides of Miss Kilman she would want to conceal in the restaurant scene her wolfs her food, swig down the sugared cakes and chocolate eclairs, a symbol of what she would like to do to the Dalloways, ready to eat their beauty, youth, money, and class. As she stuffs food into her mouth, Woolf focuses on her hands, opening and closing, like the fitful stretching of the claws of a predatory cat. In the end, Miss Kilman finds no solace for her life, her church having turned arid on her.

Handle information in health and social care setting Essay

issue 1 Understand the need for secure handling of teaching in health and kindly cargonIdentify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in health and affectionate safe-conduct The Data Protection Act 1998 covers anything relating to a person, aesculapian records, social service records, credit information, local authority information. There be eight enforceable principlesPersonal data shall be bear upon fairly and lawfullyAdequate, relevant and not excessiveAccurateNot kept for longer than necessaryProcess in accordance with the data subject rightsNot transferred to countries without capable protectionThe Data protection Act also allows people to see information recorded about them through the Freedom of entropy Act 2000, and so people are allowed to see their social care files, this is important to know when entering information in peoples notes. The ICO Information Commissioners government agency is responsible for upholding i nformation rights in the public interest.Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting Information on Care homes and in house information is valuable and critical to the business of the home. This information must be stored and processed therefore it is essential that Information Security is maintained. The purpose of information security is to preserveConfidentiality data is only access by those with the right to see them. legality information can be relied upon to be accurate and process correctly. Availability information can be accessed when needed.Insecure information can lead to misdemeanour of an individuals human civilrights that may results in neglect/or physical, sexual, emotional or financial harm. Manual system of recording information has to secure so they are usually kept in a locked cabinet and may be in a secure room.Outcome 2Know how to access support for handling information Describe h ow to access centering, information and advice about handling information The first place to look for guidance and advice is the supervisor with regards to information in the work place. If you require information about a person, then that persons care image would be ideal. Information about legislation to ensure that you are complying with the law, them the Information Commissioners Office is the place to contact.Explain what actions to be taken when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information If there is a concern relating to peoples records, the concern should be directed to the manager who is in the position to deal with the concern. For victorious a concern further that has not being resolved, the concern needs to be Put in writingBe clear about dates, times and the exact nature of the concern Identify the steps that have already been taken and the response Involve trade union or professional agreement for support The steps for resolving conce rnsDiscuss with line managerRecord the concerns and take it to a more senior managerTake it to director or chief executiveTake it to the inspectorateYou are protected from unfair dismissal by an employer through the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 if your concern relates to the employer.Outcome 3Be able to handle information in accordance with agreed ways of working Keep records that are up to date, complete, accurate and readable Records should provide objective, accurate, current, comprehensive and concise information concerning the condition and care of the client. The records kept should reflect an accurate and up to date picture of somebodys situation. Records are kept toProvide a full assessment of the clientsneedsProvide record of any problems and the actions takenProvide evidence of care requiredProvide a baseline record against which improvement or deterioration may be judgedRecords should le after be made as soon as possible after the event providing current informati on on the care and condition of the person.Follow agreed ways of working for arranging informationGood recording of information supports good practice in a number of ways. Supports effective partnership with users and carers, provides documented evidence and account of the segment involvement with an individual, support risk assessment and risk management plans.The principles for recording-Service users and carers are helped to understand the purpose and contents of their case record and are invited to contribute to it. Case records will be kept in accordance with Department of health guidance and legal requirements.Storing informationA care plan contains valuable information about a person in care and this information has to be stored. All documents are stored according to legal, organisational and ethical standards. Some information can be stored and displayed openly, i.e. menus can be stored in a kitchen. Documents, such as care plans, medication sheets, and employee files need to be stored in locked cupboards in locked populate to deny access to those who have no right to the information.Sharing informationthe home has a general duty in common law to safeguard the sensitive information they hold of individuals. The home should have a clear policy on the Data Protection Act which staff should perplex to. It is important that staff should pay particular attention to ensuring apply to share information is clearly recorded on file. Where it has been necessary toshare information without react then the justification should be recorded and authorised by the line manager. There are different reasons for sharing personal information without consent- apostrophize or tribunal ordersA persons best interestRisk to healthPolice requestPublic interestProtection to others match agencies providing support.It is important that you know the policies of the care organisation with regards to confidentiality and the disclosure of information in your workplace. The basic r ule is that all information is confidential and cannot be shared with anyone without the consent of the person.

Perform a close reading of any passage or short chapter

The Grapes of Wrath, examining its use of subject field, setting, tone, figurative language, allusions, etc. By Angela-Stanton The Grapes of Wrath not only criticizes the socio-economic problems provoked by capitalism, but advocates (moral courage) as the answer to conflicts and hostilities. In Chapter 29, Steinbeck emphasizes that although natures omnipotent power of destruction Is beyond human control, moral courage screwing sustain hope and faith In manner.This theme is successfully achieved in this short but significant intercalary heaper through the effective use of figurative language and diction, leading to the memorable ending in Chapter 30 where Rose of Sharon selflessly suckles the dying man. The narration paints a Blvd setting of the destitute fetch. The clouds, baksheesh and rain be personified as the destructive forces of nature. The gray clouds argon marchlong In from the ocean.The aggressive verb march presents the military nature of the clouds, foreshadowing how this strong army overpowers humans and land. Contradicting auditory images describe the wind that swished in the bush and roared in the forests. The auditory verb swished depicts the swift, furtive action of the wind as It passes the bush whereas the contrasting auditory verb roared reminds us the wind has a violent Impact on the land. The adverbs fiercely and silently are oxymoron describing how the wind overwhelms humans brutally without announcing its arrival.Rain is also personified as it Whipped the shining water and Whipped up the surfaces of the fields. The repetitive use of the relentless verb Whipped illustrates the rains physical force and portrays it as a regnant tormentor of land and humans. The action of the rain and Its Impact on the land are emphasized by the analogue structure the streams and the little rivers edged up to the bank sides, worked at willows and tree roots, bent the willows deep in the current cut out the roots of cottonwood and brought down the tree s. This parallel structure consists of phrases starting with a powerful verb that inflicts misery on a victim, emphasizing the pervasive Impact of the unceasing rain. Personification is extended to the description of the land. Initially, the earth is drinkinning the rain when the rain only consists of small drops and a steady beat. This personification depicts the rains essential role as a nourishing provider for life. Then, the rain intensifies and the earth whisper under the beat of the rain and the streams thunder under the churning freshets.This parallel structure Juxtaposes the earth and the streams using contrasting auditory verbs, displaying the earth as a thunderinning streams. The earths changing reception to the intensifying rain from drinking to whispering alludes to the rains unpredictability reigning over the vulnerability of the land. This insinuation extends to nature in general, implying that nature is precious which controls the well-being of humans and land. The narration also explores the severity of the rains impact on the migrant workers.The water fouls the ignition wires and fouls the carburetors of the cars. This parallel structure emphasizes the extensive destruction with the use of active voice placing Water as the subject, suggesting that despite their level of technology and utility, the cars are inevitably destroyed. Although the migrants want to escape from this hostile environment, their cars Wouldnt start because the wires were shorted ND if the engines would run, deep mud engulfed the wheels.The use of the if conditional structure indicates that there is no workable dissolving agent to combat the flood. All these details in the narration establish the peoples dire situation since their last resort, that is migration, is destroyed by the rain. The narrative perspective shifts from one contrary predicament to another, creating a prevailing sense of inevitability to escape from the disaster. The migrant workers splashed out thr ough the water to towns, country stores and balance offices to seek help and shelter.The verb splashed portrays the workers expansive attempt to survive which is further intensified Their suffering is further intensified by the parallel by the structure to point out how they pink for bread, beg for rotting vegetables and steal when they can. The fact that they are begging for these basic provisions reveals their desperate attempts at survival shows the inevitability of their fate. Then, the narration focuses on the specific individuals reaction towards the flood. In the Wet hay of leaking barns, babies are born to Women who pant with pneumonia.This situation is a contrast to the hopeful expectations of new life. Instead, these babies are born to intense suffering, sickness and death. Meanwhile, honest-to-god people curl up in the corners and die that way. This typic act underscores their need for consolation and security, regressing to their fetal position before death. The fac t that the disaster has affected both stages of life reflects the scope of misery, aggravating the despondent tone which prevails the narration. This tone is accentuated through the repetitive use of the conjunction And.This manipulation is intentional, conveying that difficulties are accumulating and both humans and land cannot escape from this disaster. The greatest fear amidst the catastrophe is the lack of work. This concern is accentuated by the two sudden, choppy paragraphs No work till spring. No work // And if no work no money, no food. These are hopeless complaints of the migrant workers. The abruptness, along with the repetition of no work, highlights the workers dire financial situation. Since their hope for work is shattered, they are in addition feeble to sustain their struggle for survival.This fear is intensified by the use of effects, no money, no food. The pause seems to imply the reluctance of the workers to acknowledge the consequences of unemployment. There is a change of tone when the migrants fear turns into wrath. The turning point is introduced by the short sentence Themes horses were men. This bitter comment demonstrates the mens realization of their ill-treatment and worthlessness when compared to the horses. Realizing such an injustice, they gather together and anger takes its place instead of fear. The gathering empowers them to combat hostility actively instead of suffering helplessly.This unity reflects Steinbeck proletarian ideology that men can generate move power collectively in brotherhood. It tends to advocate that moral courage is the answer to conflicts and hostilities. The change of tone is most prominent at the end of the chapter when hope and relief is conveyed through the color of pale green in the hills and tiny points of grass in the beginning of the year. This sudden change of color from gray to green creates a hopeful rebirth, suggesting that amidst the state of hopelessness and hopefulness, the only powers th at can sustain humans through all adversities is moral courage.This turning point rekindles readers faith in life and is live to their understanding of the final message conveyed in Chapter 30 through Rose of Sharon. Overall, chapter 29 portrays the adversity of nature and underscores the conflict between nature and men. Together with the hopeful, symbolic ending, it brings out the theme that even though nature is omnipotent, it can be counteracted by moral courage. If humans remain individualistic, they become powerless. However, if humans are unified, they can benefit from the mutual support and bonding of brotherhood, which is the driving force that beautifies and prospers humanity.

A Soldier’s Play

Title A Soldiers Play Professor Wallace Bridges I really enjoyed this gyp as it unbroken me wondering what will happen next and taught me some life lessons on how plurality react or make decisions. As I read on this renovate goes into the patch sergeant Vernon C. irrigate personality and who he really was. We l advance that sergeant-at-law Waters hates being colour and whateverone who may exhibit black characteristics or stereotypes for example. For example in Act Two we learn that sergeant Waters does not really like C. J. as he frames him and provokes him to attack so that he could be arrested for any reason. Sergeant Waters admits to this is Act Two and wanted C,J. rrested so the world would be free of one more simpleton diagonal boy. In Sergeant Waterss eyes he wanted to prepare his men to survive in a unclouded mans world and by having his men adopt the white mans culture or characteristics would help them survive. The theme of A Soldiers Play in my eyes would be r acialism. If racism exists in a alliance, then racism will affect the behaviors and ideals of others within the community. Starting with the white soldiers and Sergeant Waters racism is the main source of violence at this army post as the black soldiers are not welcomed at this dominated white community.Captain Davenport who is assigned to this murder assignment is black and is not welcomed very warmly and they do not want a black captain arresting a white soldier. The murder is first blamed on the Klu Klux Klan and the white officers and soldiers are all aligned against the blacks and as mentioned there is racism within the black community as Sergeant Waterss turns against C. J. who thought Waters liked him. For example in Act Two we learn that Sergeant Waters has individual(a) James Wilkie plant a gun under C,Js pillow that could earn three stripes back that he had lost.This in turn contributes to C. J. getting arrested and eventually killing himself all because of what Sergean t Waters perceived C. J. to be as another black holding other blacks back. It is not said that Sergeant Waters wanted C. J. dead but he wanted him arrested because of his viewpoint of surviving through white characteristics. The protagonist of A Soldiers play is Captain Davidson who is a black officer. After a black Sergeant is murdered Vernon Waters, Captain Davidson is assigned to solve this murder.His superobjective is to interview other officers and soldiers, learn most Sergeant Waters, and find out who and why Waters was murdered. In Act One his superobjective begins with Corporal Ellis who is assigned with Davidson to bring the officers or soldiers into questioning and get answers. Davidson asks Ellis of any informal theories of Sergeant Waterss death and all Ellis has come up with is the Klu Klux Klan is responsible but there are rumors of two white officers. The probe stalled but they continue to investigate and bring soldiers in for questioning.Captain Davidson does accom plish his superobjective through investigating and questioning other soldiers. As Davidson questions soldiers he learns more about Sergeant Waters as Waters believed the look to success was the white mans way. He also learned that Waters was a drunk and inglorious towards his own men but did this to mold them into white characteristics. In Act Two when Smalls has gone A-W-O-L Davidson questions him and wants to know why he has gone A-W-O-L and as Davidson questions Smalls he breaks down and admits to watching Peterson shoot Waters as he did nothing to stop it.One of the Afrocentric Objectives in a Soldiers play is storytelling when Davidson is speaking with Wilkie. In Act two Wilkie tells Davidson that Waters told him a story involving a colored soldier in France during valet de chambre War I. Waters told Wilkie that the white soldiers told the women that all the colored soldiers had tails like monkeys. So the white soldiers played a game and paid a black soldier to tape a tail t o his behind, they set(p) the balck soldier on a table with a reed in his hand and a crown on his head.They called the black soldier moonshine, king of the monkeys. later(prenominal) on Waters and some other soldiers cut the soldiers throat and none of the other soldiers knew what the black soldier had done wrong. This is where we learn more about Waters and possibly the straw that broke the camels back to stand for what he believed in. Waters vowed to eliminate all matter demeaning simpleton behavior from people of his own race. If I were to direct this play I would manipulate the lighting to reinforce the theme of the play.As stated I believe one of the themes to be racism in this play as there are struggles of racism within the black soldiers as there leader Sergeant Waters believes the only way to success is by adopting the white way. In Act 2 when Wilkie admits to Davidson that Waters had him plant the gun under C. J. s pillow so he could earn his stripes back that were taken away and this could lead to C. J. being taken to jail. I would manipulate the lighting here to set the mood and direction of the play which is Waters hates being black and his plan to eliminate simpleton black men.Waters would get his way by eliminating another simpleton black man and this would level the racism that existed within the blacks because Waters himself hated being black and he took it out on his soldiers. When Charles Fuller wrote this play in 1981 the military was the largest equal fortune employer for blacks for many years. But historically it was not always this way as blacks fought for freedoms and made sacrifices for nothing because none of this was going to be theirs (land or opportunities in America).Many blacks viewed World War II as a white mans war but in the play Sergeant Waters viewed it as a chance for blacks to prosper. This is why he was so hard on his men and wanted them to adapt the white mans way, but this also affected his and his mens behavior and ideals. The contemporary significance of the productions primary theme is racism existed during the plays time and setting but was viewed as a way blacks could try and eliminate racism and slowly but surely be accepted and be honored for their sacrifices they made for a country that they locomote to as the whites.Today racism still exists but we have made tremendous strides and came a long way to distance ourselves from racism an example is today the military is one of the largest equal opportunity employer for blacks as everyone is recognized as one and they are a family watching each others back. level off though strides have been made racism does still exist and it affects behaviors and ideals.

Meaning of Education

The Key to Success Yep, thats the last of it my dad scream as he slammed the trunk shut. Totes were piled up high and filled with clothes, shoes, and lots of old memories. After getting all settled in my new flatbed my family and I said our goodbyes. This next chapter in my flavour was finally here. I was now a college student entering the real world. We all have our purposes for victorious the next step in life and going to college. My purpose for attending college is to take a leap towards creating triumph and meaning in my life.My family has been a lusus naturae influence on attending college. The day my older brother went off to college it was no surprise. It seems that moving on to college was the natural thing to do. For instance, graduating kindergarten and moving to the 1st score is similar to graduating from high school and moving on to college. Its just a chapter in life that our parents brought us up expecting to reach and weve been taught that it would be the righ t choice since elementary school. Its what we grew up knowing we were supposed to do when we got to that point in life.Ultimately, we were taught that this step would lead us to the success to building a more meaningful life. All in all, education is the key to success. Having an education opens many doors to amazing opportunities. Why waste time stuck in a drop when atomic number 53 can go out into the world and be someone, make a difference in this world, and have the pride to say that I am successful. With a college education, the amount of freedom is endless. There are many more careers to choose from and the ability to stand out from others increases your career success.An education helps one develop a more meaningful life, thats what I want to achieve. I want to make a difference in this world by not only my art but my everyday life. My goals are to one day be very well off financially, enabling me to comport my hereafter family and enjoy all the accomplishments and great opportunities life has to offer. Just on a walk to school, I get a glance of the harsh reality by seeing all the unfortunate civilians struggling to survive each day. For instance, an old man and his dog, hungry as can be, asking for money on the command of the street.This makes me realize that I am very grateful for what I have and that an education is what I must pursue to accomplish my goals and dreams. With all the love and support of my family and friends I have a great positive outlook on a college education. Having moved on to this next step in my life, I already feel as if Im that much closer to reaching my goals. I can see how proud my family is as they watch me better my life and future. With all my past experiences, I now have a strong mentality to finish with pride and follow all my dreams. Overall, an education is the way to success and the key to many great opportunities.

An Road Accident Essay

It looked as if a storm was approaching. I was standing at a cross-road traffic junction, waiting to cross the road. I induct always observed that particular cross-road to be extremely cumulationy, with vehicles constantly on the move. I was headed towards the bus stop across the street, so I turned in the opposite direction of the cross-road to see if my bus was coming. As I turned back to have a look at the cross-road, I saw a flashy yellow sports car trying to beat the red light. Before I knew it, I heard a thunderous heart-stopping crash. The sports car had slammed head on into a green van right in the middle of the large intersection. Shattered windshield glass was strewn all over the junction and the passers-by crowded round the scene. I saw one girl rushing to the telephone to report the accident.For a s or two, nonhing happened. Then, a man got expose of the green van. His van was completely smashed in on the side of the collision. He looked shaken and furious. He walked over to the yellow car only to find that the driver was unconscious. Some helpful people went to the middle of the road to help the unconscious man out of his car.The police and the ambulance arrived at about the same time. They noted down the positions of the vehicles and began asking for witnesses to the accident. I volunteered to give some details since I had seen the whole thing. I did not have time to think about missing my bus.

Outline the Level of Engery Security in the Uk

Assess the level of zippo protective cover in the UK Energy security is defined as the extent to which an affordable, reliable and stable efficiency supply can be achieved. Over the last few decades, the energy situation in the UK has constantly been changing, from producing enough inunct and natural tout to be a net exporter of both fuels to now being on the brink of not importing and producing enough energy to meet the nations demands.The past decades of the UKs energy were probably brighter days than what we can look forward to in the future, with one researcher from Cambridge University, professor David MacKay, suggesting the UK could face severe blackouts by 2016 (UK could face blackouts by 2016 BBC News Sept 2009). Although the general mathematical function of energy in the UK has not increased huge amounts, with per capita system in 1965 at 3. 6 tonnes oil equivalent per year and in 2005 at 3. 8 tonnes oil equivalent, the energy security of the UK has worsened consid erably.As global cosmos increases and to a greater extent countries are using larger amounts of fossil fuels to meet their energy demands, the UK is limited to the amount it can import and is put under pressure to use to a greater extent re recentable sources of energy. Problems within geopolitics has too caused problems for the UKs energy security as prices fluctuate, changing the amount of oil we can export and how much we absorb to pay for our imported energy. Past When BP records began, the UK was getting 98% of its primary energy from burning fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal mainly cod to the increasing transportation and reason generation sectors.Pre-1976, the UK was a large importer of oil due to the fact there were truly few known oil sources that could be used domestically. In the following years North Sea oil was discovered and toil got underway, meaning the UK could gradually reduce their imports and rely more on domestic oil. Within a few years, in 1981 the UK had experience a net exporter of oil cover that at this time there was no major(ip) resolution with energy security but instead that there was a surplus and a chance to fix some money. The use of natural gas in the UK did not get started until 1968 and production was thriving for 30 years ntil its peak in 2000 and so saw a gradual decline. The UK imported very little gas, and most of the gas produced from the North Sea was consumed in the UK and only for a brief period did the UK actually export natural gas. During the peak propagation of natural gas production, it was introduced as a replacement for coal for home heating and power generation as its a much unsullied source of energy and could help to reduce the air pollution in cities. Up until 1995 the UK imported some natural gas from Holland and Norway which could also be an key connection for the future.In the 60s, coal was the UKs main source of primary energy, accounting for around 60% of the daily consumption, but by 1999 this number had declined to just 16%, showing how the UK had found other sources of energy giving a much larger diversity to their energy consumption. If you were to give the UK a score for the energy security exponent for this period, it would probably be a similar score to today but for different reasons. The diversity score would be much lower as it is blank that the UK relied on coal, oil and gas and got very little energy from any other sources.However, the availability score would be much higher because we relied much less(prenominal) on imports and the majority of energy consumed was produced domestically. Present In 2006, the percentage of primary energy that comes from oil, coal and gas had reduced from 98% to 92%, showing that UK had introduced spick-and-span re naturalable schemes and were increasing their diversity. Over the past 4 decades, population has increased from 54,350,000 to 60,245,000 but the per capita consumption has remained fairly constant wi th a slight increase to 3. 8 tonnes oil equivalent.Although the UK was relying less on oil and gas consumption, we had once become a net importer of oil in 2006, when North Sea Oil production had started to decline. The falling production and rising prices of oil are predicted to have a huge negative effect on the UKs economy. We could see a ? 5 meg profit in 2000 to a deficit of over ? 20 billion by 2012. It is estimated that there are still 20 billion place of oil available to exploit, but there is a worry that in the competitive market, consecratement is likely to go to other places in the world and this oil could go to waste. There are also worries that with the declining production nd increased reliance on imports that our oil supply could be limited. There is hope that oil production in the Falkland Islands get out produce enough oil to pay-off the billion pound deficit. The UK is also having serious problems with coal and gas production which is leading to even more impo rts. We have once again become a net importer of both fuels, and as the market becomes more competitive these fuels will sell themselves to the highest bidders meaning that everyone in the UK will have to start paying more for their energy. Many people are starting to question why we do not use more renewable energy sources like wind, solar or nuclear energy.Critics say that we shouldnt rely on wind energy because of its intermittent nature and it would make more sense to spend the money on improving nuclear technologies. The argument for nuclear energy is a controversial one however as people have heard worrying things intimately nuclear power plants. As long as you dont mention the words Chernobyl, or nuclear waste, or planning permission (Association of Commercial Energy Assessors (ACEA) 2011) nobody would have major problems with nuclear energy but would instead see an hazard to produce lots of cost-effective, clean energy.A report from the Lords economic affairs committee has also suggested it would be worth tour spending money on new power plants that are connected to carbon capture and storage schemes. This report also attacked the governments plans of relying more on clean energy sources, face that it is a way of ignoring the UKs energy crisis and could also start costing households and extra ? 80 per year. It is clear that at this moment in time, the UK is fairly energy insecure as it has a massive reliance on foreign imports and the diversity of energy sources is fairly limited.Energy security has become a key issue for the government and there are plans in place to try and sort the problem. Future/Key Concerns Perhaps the biggest worry for the UKs energy future is highlighted in the book Sustainable Energy Without the Hot Air by Professor David MacKay, where MacKay says the UK could face blackouts by 2016. The book concluded with the fact that the projections for power stations and new technologies does not add up and not enough power capacity is being built. He told BBCNews this could happen while coal and nuclear power stations come to the end of their productive lives and are phased out. Professor MacKay believes we need to invest more money into renewable and blames the public, for rejecting proposals of wind farms and nuclear power plants while demanding a unchanged lifestyle, for the possible energy problems. He also says how he thinks the blackouts could be the only way to get people to realise that we need to invest in modern nuclear technology and other clean sources of energy, rather than relying on the limited supplies of coal, oil and gas.In another report, written by Ian Fells (a professor at the University of Newcastle), the point about the blackouts was reinforced and the extent to which it could cause huge problems for the UK was made evident when he said We had a power cut in 2003 for about 12 hours in the City of London the consequential loss was about ? 700m because everything stops. All you IT stops, the stock market doesnt work. This shows the economic losses of 12 hours of blackouts in just the City of London, so the threat of national blackouts for days would cost the UK economy billions of pounds.Fells report shows the same gloomy future as Professor MacKays book, with worries that over the next decade the UK will lose one third of its electricity producing capacity as we wont have the renewable energy to cope and nuclear power stations wont be ready. Fells also makes a point about how we will have to keep umteen nuclear and coal-fired power stations open long past their sell-by-date which would not be good for the environment. Fells believes the controversial Kings North power station in Kent could also be needed, but it would need to be fitted with carbon capture and storage technology before it was brought into use.Ofgem have produced a major report on Britains energy supplies, to which it was concluded that by 2015 we will be hit by a perfect storm that could cost the UK at least ? 200 billion to secure our energy supplies but to also meet carbon emissions targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. Conclusion Over the past 5 decades, the UKs energy situation has never been great, we have always relied on some foreign imports and we have never really introduced any major renewable energy schemes.However, our energy security has become progressively worse and is predicted to get worse still. If we do not start to introduce some more nuclear plants or renewable energy schemes then we will have very little energy available to us as oil prices rise and supplies run low. Power is soon to become a very expensive commodity as we try to cope with the challenge of rapid growth and so it is certain that very soon everyone in the UK will have to start paying more for their power.

Ancient Chinese Contributions

The world owes a lot to the Chinese for all the major contributions and innovations they introduced. For example, during the geological era of Disunity (approx. 220-581 AD) the antediluvian Chinese invented kites, matches, umbrellas and much more (Inventions, n. d. ). The Yuan dynasty brought us report money, blue and white porcelain and some(prenominal) other contributions (Inventions, n. d. ). The discovery of making gunpowder came from the Tang dynasty (200AD) (Inventions, n. d. ) the list goes on. The most significant contributions came from the Han dynasty (approx. 202 BC-220 AD) introducing moveable rudder and sails, propose iron technology, wheel barrow, and the hot air balloon (Chinese culture, 2007-2011). More importantly, the Han dynasty brought to the world the manufacturing of paper, the compass and the exertion of Chinese silk (contributions, 2003-2012). The four most ingenious or innovative contributions are paper, the compass, picture and silk.Europeans thought of Chinese silk as elegant and traders would pay the same weight in gold for this high commodity. Silk was traded along the silk passageway, another superannuated Chinese innovation, which stretched from the Yellow River valley to the Mediterranean, nearly five thousand miles long (Sayre, 2011, p. 224). The silk roadway was the doorway to the spread of ideas, religions and technologies to the rest of the world. The ancient Chinese taught the world how to harvest silk from silk worms along with paper making, methamphetamine making and printing.The first printing technique put to use was discontinue printing, a very elongated process, from the ancient Tang dynasty. Much time and labor went into block printing, but once the carved block is finished, the advantages of high efficiency and large printing amount made it very worthwhile (Chinese culture, 2007-2011). The printing technique was enhanced with moveable type printing during the Song dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng. negot iable type printing greatly boosted printing efficiency by reducing block making time. other advantages were, moveable type was smaller and easier to store and can also be used repeatedly, saving materials (Chinese culture, 2007-2011). We wouldnt need printing techniques if we did not have the creative invention of paper, also brought to us by the ancient Chinese. Before the invention of paper, characters were written on animal bones, turtle backs or stones (Chinese culture, 2007-2011). The Han dynasty produced paper from fibrous hemp, which later, improvements in technique and quality introduced by Cai Lun were made using silk rags, hemp and tree bark.His method, although this instant simplified, is still used today (Sayre, 2011, p. 226). It is hard to imagine the world without this ingenious invention. Everything we learn comes from some phase angle of media printed on paper, whether its a book, magazine, newspaper, encyclopedia or journal. Can you imagine all of us manner of w alking around with our clay I Pads? The compass is another great contribution to the world by the ancient Chinese.It was used primarily for religious purposes to determine if a building existence constructed was facing the right steering so it could be in perfect harmony with nature. The early compass resembled a wooden mobilise which had a number of marks on it along with a magnetic spoon on the natural elevation (contributions, 2003-2012). Todays compass is probably the most important navigation tool we have. A diddlyshit wouldnt dare set out to sea without a compass, nor would a pilot take a flight without a compass, for fear of getting lost.Of all the many contributions given us by the ancient Chinese, the one I could not live without would be the combination of printing and paper. How would I learn without existence able to research a book or character reference an encyclopedia? In my career, it takes a reference manual to complete a project or task safely and properly. I would miss being able to sit down and read a relaxing novel or magazine in my spare time. I just cannot imagine not having this wonderful contribution. I praise the ancient Chinese for all they have given us.

British Gas HRM Case Study Essay

The UK enjoys a wealth of indigenous energy imaginations and has the technical expertness and experience to exploit them. Much of this expertise is being utilized in gainful commercialised ventures overseas. In its position as one of the most energy-rich countries in Europe, the UK is uniquely placed to profit from a strong energy market. Expenditure on energy amounted to 99.87bn in 2008. UK householders spent 40.67bn on energy products, representing 5.2% of wide consumer expenditure.Privatization has provided the impetus for competition, resulting in a major restructuring of the energy industries and the companies involved. Restructuring commenced in the late 1980s with the privatization of the catalyst sector, intimately followed by similar moves in the electricity, coal and nuclear sectors. Oil resources had al commissions been in private hands. lavish liberalization was achieved in May 1999, with the completion of the stretching up of the electricity market. all in all c onsumers, both municipal and stage transmission line, ar now free to choose their supplier of gas or electricity.A succession of bids, notably in the electricity sector where many of the regional electricity companies (RECs) argon under b atomic number 18-assed ownership, has changed the temper and structure of the energy industry. Thus, public electricity suppliers invite evolved since privatization into complex structures embracing divers(prenominal) origines. Most scram extended their interests into generation or are dispel of wider groups with major interests in generation. .Acquisitions by foreign engrosss, notably from the US and from Europe, have created a much more international industry. The 10bn take-over of Powered PLC by E.ON of Germany waits on track for completion in 2002. However, thecost of acquiring energy customers has become too high for nearly US energy groups. The collapse of Enron Corp., the energy trading group, in November 2001, was threatening to destabilize energy markets in the US and Europe.1.1 BRITISH GAS British gun is Britains favorite domestic energy supplier. As well as providing gas and electricity, they likewise install and maintain central heating and gas appliances in millions of homes through tabu the country. Part of the energy group Centrica, British catalyst provides gas, electricity and home repair operate to eight million home and line customers in England, Scotland and Wales. It is the UKs longst operator in the installation and concern of domestic central heating and gas appliances, serving 16.6 million customers. In amplification, their customers turn to them to provide expert, hassle-free dread that takes care of their kitchen appliances, home electrics and plumbing and drains.Everything they do is driven by their desire to deliver high prize products and services. They operate in England and Wales under the British torpedo brand name and as Scottish spoil in Scotland. Among a total effe ctforce of 28,000, British muff employs more than 9,000 trained engineers who carry out servicing and break-down calls. In 2008, 2.2% of its engineering custody was female and 4.6% were from an ethnic minority background. Against the background of a extremely competitive energy market, they continue to be the low choice gas supplier for millions of customers. Whats more, since the re placementntial electricity market opened to competition in 1998, theyve grown to become the largest supplier of electricity to residential customers in Britain.2.0 Challenges faces by HR managers at British fluidOver the last 20 years, the oeuvre has changed in more ways than one could have ever imagined, resulting from the increase in technology, innovation and globalization, new trading legislations, different attitude in society, economic recession and ethnic diversification. The next decade bequeath bring even greater change, forceing all facets of the workplace, including major changes fo r the HR department and HR managers. In enact to respond to the demands of globalization, HR managers at British gas will require newskills and competencies relating to language and nuance, technology capabilities, methods to measure and quantify effectiveness and evaluate strategies and return on investment. Evidently, these skills and competencies will result in an emergent new graphic symbol for HR managers, requiring them to be strategic business partner, supportive of the overall corporal strategy.The role of HR managers has changed from a less administrative role to more of a strategic role. HR managers will continually be required to prove their effectiveness and their existence. They will be birthed to agnise strategic business practices and promote heathenish motley within the shaping. They will need to deduce the core business of the system of rules and become partners with line managers. They will need to prove that their initiatives and programs are result-o riented, providing specific measurable results in terms of business competitiveness that contri alonee positively to the bottom-line of the organization. They will be required to stay circulating(prenominal) with leading advance as more and more organization is faced with the demands of globalization and strategic alliances with some opposite competitive organizations in the energy sector in UK. Whilst the current economic climate is clearly influencing the schedule for HR leaders, the challenges of harbouring, motivation and aligning employees remain a priority.The results show that more than ever there is printing press on HR to deliver real business impact, and to do so with HR costs constrained. (The viridity village, 2009) Intuitive talent centering systems, knowing for the business as well as HR, roll in the hay tamper a critical part in ensuring the organizational adoption of any talent strategy. The number of respondents prioritizing the need for transaction st eering, succession and course planning systems shows that HR managers realize the importance of enabling technology in executing talent counseling programs. Workplace flexibility is expected to be on the rise as the future workplace, the virtual office is characterized by creative and flexible work arrangements. As more employees work off-site-up to two thirds of an organization in the 2 foremost century there will be an increase in emphasis on bring aboutance and results as opposed to the number of hours worked.In addition, off-site employees can expect to attend fewer meetings. Specified work will become much more collaborative and management will spend nearly all its time managing cross-functional work squads who enjoy a lot of autonomy. In essence, there will be a movement, atrend towards a decentralized model of HR. HR managers will have to accommodate employees in their virtual work locations and find ways to manage corporate culture, socialization and employee orientatio n. In order to obtain and maintain a competent workforce, they mustiness act as organizational surgical process experts and shape employees behavior without face to face meetings.( Research and markets, 2009) Globalization will impact HR managers by requiring new skills such as language capabilities. For e.g., in order to recruit employees from separate cultures, HR managers will either have to learn new languages or else they will certainly have to have foreign speakers on round. But in order to facilitate communication among people culmination from a wide range of language backgrounds in UK.Organization must take into account cultural differences that shape managerial attitudes, when developing multinational management programs. For e.g., British managers value individual achievement and autonomy, whereas cut managers appreciate competent supervision, fringe benefits, security and comfortable conditions, while Indian managers gives more importance of their culture and tradit ion. HR managers in British gas must therefore be familiar with and understand other cultural norms to promote organization diversity. An organization that recognizes and promotes cultural diversity will benefit because it will be employing the market that it serves.With increasing globalization and competition within the market, a diverse workforce is conducive to attracting and retaining a strong client base. While competing in an international market, employees from diverse national backgrounds provide language skills and fellow feeling of other cultures. HR professionals will also be responsible for providing cultural sensitivity homework for the organizations employees and for managers throughout the entire organization. (Czebter, Anamaria, 2002)HR professionals play a critical role in the globalization process by dish uping companies evaluate the military personnel resource prospects and possibilities involved in moving to different regions of the world (Marsnik and Luthans, 1997). As the global economic crisis continues to impact businesses, employee retention is seen as the grea testify challenge overall. This reflects the need for organizations to identify and retain top talent during a period when internal mobility is essential to retain a competitive edge and ensure community survival as the UK economy slows.Since 2006, the HR Challenges research has found that employee retention is the biggest concern for HR managers. In an unstable economy, employee engagement tools such as effective goal alignment, internal mobility, career planning and succession programs are essential for motivating the workforce. According to reports, almost half of HR managers named a system to improve performance management, succession and career planning as the one thing that would befriend them do their jobs better in 2009. Whilst the current economic climate is clearly influencing the agenda for HR leaders, the challenges of retaining, motivating and aligning employees remain a priority.3.0 HRM Models3.1 Guests model of HRMDavid Guests (1989, 1997) model of HRM has 6 dimensions of analysis* HRM strategy* HRM practices* HRM outcomes* Behavior outcomes* achievement outcomes* Financial outcomesThe model is prescriptive in the sense that it is found on the assumption that HRM is distinctively different from traditional personnel management .It is idealistic, implicitly embodying the belief that total elements of the HRM approach (essentially those of the Harvard map) such as commitment have a direct relationship with valued business consequences. However, Guest has acknow leadged that the concept of commitment is messy and that the relationship amid commitment and high performance is (or, perhaps, was given the age of this material) difficult to establish. It also employs a flow approach, seeing strategy underpinning practice, leading to a variety of desired outcomes. Like its American predecessors, this UK model is unitarist (tying employee beh avior and commitment into the goals of strategic management) and lukewarm on the value of trade unions. The employee relationship is viewed as one between the individual and the organization.3.2 The Harvard Model of HRMThis map is base on an analytical approach and provides a broad causal depiction of the determinants and consequences of HRM policies. It shows human resource policies to be defined by two significant considerations * Situational factors in the outside business environment or within the libertine such as laws and societal values, labor market conditions, unions, work-force characteristics, business strategies, management philosophy, and task technology. According to Beer et al these factors may constrain the formation of HRM policies tho (to varying stages) they may also be influenced by human resource policies.* Stakeholder interests, including those of shareholders, management employees, unions, community, and government. Beer et al argue that human resource po licies SHOULD be influenced by ALL stakeholders. If not, the first step will fail to meet the needs of these stakeholders in the long run and it will fail as an institution. The authors also contend that human resource policies have both immediate organizational outcomes and long-term consequences. Managers can affect a number of factors by means of the policy choices they cook, including The overall competence of employees, the commitment of employees, the degree of congruence between employees own goals and those of the organization, and the overall cost effectiveness of HRM practices.3.3 HR Activities of British hitmanBritish gunslinger ran a number of diversity workshops, mainly for its senior and middle managers, to engage them and help them understand what the organization was trying to achieve and why it was trying to achieve it, and show them what a diverse workforce would face the like on their patch. Meanwhile, all managers who are either involved in recruiting and /or managing staff and all enlisting specialists have undergone equality and diversity instruction to over again ensure they fully understand what British blow out is trying to achieve and why, and are able to make decisions free from bias. When recruiting British gas use technical skills to undertake the work to the required standard to having the people skills to deliver polishedcustomer services. As a result, recruitment and selection of trains and trainees is increasingly counsel on recruiting for attitude. Examples of attributes and competencies that British Gas looks for are listed on the Recruitment website and include Good communication, organizational and problem-solving skills Aptitude for group work Careful, right and methodical approach Polite, tactful, friendly, professional, with a pleasant manner for dealing with customers. With the change in emphasis away(predicate) from pure technical skills to behaviors and attributes, there were initial concerns that the quality of the intake or the pass rates could swing within the honorary society. Carole Willsher says We were a little worried that we would get apprentices and trainees with great people and communication skills, but who were technically not very good. But thats not been borne out at all. The pass marks remain very high. It shows that if youve got the attitude to want to learn and get on, you can do really wellAll the recruitment policies, practices and literature have been limited reviewed to draw back any gender or race bias. In addition, a thorough audit of policies and practices to remove any age bias was carried out at group train by parent company Centrica ahead of the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations in 2006. It brought to light the need to make a number of changes, the most significant of which was the removal of upper age limits for entrance to the British Gas apprenticeship scheme (Previously, the scheme was channeliseed at young adults in the 1723 age range).B ritish Gas is focusing this year on developing partnerships with organizations that have already built strong links with its target audiences, including barter centre Plus the capital of the United Kingdom Development Agency housing associations and specialist groups including the Windsor Fellowship, a good-will that offers educational and leadership programs to develop diverse young talent Women and Manual Trades and YWCA, a charity running(a) with disfavour women in England and Wales.4.0 Recruitment and selectionThe overall aim of the recruitment and selection process should be to obtain at minimum cost the number and quality of employees required to satisfy the human resource needs of the company. The three stages of recruitment and selection dealt with are1. Defining requirements Preparing job descriptions and specifications deciding terms and conditions of employment 2. Attracting scenes reviewing and evaluating alternative sources of applicants inside and outside the co mpany, ad, using agencies and consultants 3. Selecting candidates sifting applications, interviewing, testing, assessing candidates, mind centers, offering employment, obtaining references preparing contract of employment. (Armstrong, 2007)4.1 British Gas Recruitment and Selection ProcessThe greater focus on customer service skills and personal attributes is reflected throughout the recruitment process itself. The initial application form must now be completed online. canonical biographical information is requested, and applicants are required to complete basic Maths, English and logic tests. However, the key part of the application is a personality/work style questionnaire, which is used to assess an applicants suitability. Applicants must respond to a series of questions designed to assess their attitude to work and people. The questionnaire is lengthy, as similar questions are asked in a number of different ways to ensure consistency of responses. Applicants who score highly later on this initial screening then have a telephone interview to confirm essential information for example, to be eligible for the apprentice technical engineer program, applicants must be aged at to the lowest degree 17, must have four GCSEs at grade C or above, and must hold a full or provisional UK drivers license.Those who pass this stage are then invited to an assessment centre. There are three elements to the assessment day an interview, a role play exercise and a manual dexterity test. The interview is largely based around questions relating to the candidates completed online questionnaire to get on assess their personalattributes and competencies. Similarly, the role play is also used to assess a candidates attitude and whether they are able to understand and assimilate information, but more importantly, to see how they deal with customers. The test involves a practical assessment, but no gas-related knowledge is required it is simply designed to assess whether the ca ndidate is able to follow step-by-step instructions and handle small components. The recruitment process is lengthy but thorough and a big investment in terms of time and resources for British Gas, admits Carole Willsher. But its been designed that way to ensure that we get the right people with the right skills who will fit into our organization and help us move closer to where we want to be in terms of having a diverse engineering workforce.Recruiting is an uncertain game, even at the best of times. On the other hand the larger your family of candidates, the greater your opportunity of finding someone who is just right for you. However, this possibility has to be equilibrate again the fact that you cant interview hundreds of candidates for every available post. So you need to develop the expertise of defining your job requirements, while ensuring that these requirements are presented to the widest possible field of candidates in the given context. (Pettinger and Allen, 2007)Bri tish Gas ran a number of diversity workshops, primarily for its senior and middle managers, to engage them and help them understand what the organization was trying to achieve and why it was trying to achieve it, and show them what a diverse workforce would look like on their patch. Meanwhile, all managers who are either involved in recruiting and/or managing staff and all recruitment specialists have undergone equality and diversity knowledge to again ensure they fully understand what British Gas is trying to achieve and why, and are able to make decisions free from bias.Selection involves a number of costs the cost of the selection process itself including the use of various instruments, the future costs of inducting and homework new staff and the cost of labor turnover if selected staff is not retained. (Bratton and Gold, 2000)4.2 British Gas Targeted advertisingBritish Gas uses a variety of ways and media to appeal to its target audiences, including advertising in magazines li ke Bliss and Sugar which are aimed at teenage girls, careers-type websites like Voice and The Asian News, and the gay media redesigning its recruitment advertisements in terms of both images and language to reach Out to people from more diverse backgrounds ensuring that market materials such as recruitment brochures and its dedicated recruitment website (www.britishgasacademy.co.uk) portray a diverse range of individuals to help challenge stereotypical attitudes and project an inclusive image for example, the website contains a number of real apprentice and trainee profiles including Kirk (a BME apprentice technical engineer) and Maria (a female BME trainee electrical field engineer) producing DVDs for schools and partner organizationsOne of the key objectives of the diversity aggroup up is to increase the number of applications from under-represented groups. To attract as wide a range of talent as possible, the team has introduced changes to all areas of the recruitment and s election process, including developing partnerships with organizations that have already established relationships with their target audiences reviewing all its policies and practices to remove any gender, race or age bias and changing the emphasis from recruiting for technical ability to recruiting for attitude.4.3 OutreachThe diversity team adopts a number of positive action strategies to raise awareness of the different opportunities available at British Gas among under-represented groups including running taster long time and building partnerships with organizations that already work with people who are among their target audience4.4 Partnership workingRecognizing that there are difficulties gaining access to under-represented groups, British Gas is focusing this year on developing partnerships with organizations that have already built strong links with its target audiences, including Job centre Plus the Lon don Development Agency housing associations and specialist groups inc luding the Windsor Fellowship, a charity that offers educational and leadership programs to develop diverse young talent Women and Manual Trades and YWCA, a charity working with disadvantaged women in England and Wales. Another way that British Gas is developing partnerships is by working with other large employers, particularly those that experience similar issues in the recruitment of a diverse workforce, such as the London Fire Brigade and BT Open reach. The aim of these relationships is to share best practice and info for benchmarking purposes.4.5 Taster daysBritish Gas regularly runs women-only and BME taster days, with the specific aim of attracting women and ethnic minorities into engineering and apprenticeships. The day is designed to give participants a clearer understanding of the engineering opportunities at British Gas. Attendees are given a showing on the career paths available, an opportunity to meet engineers to find out what the job is really about, and a chance to question a panel of recruitment and training experts from the Academy. Taster days are usually aforethought(ip) to coincide with the availability of apprentice or trainee positions in a particular area, so that if people are interested by what they find out, they can apply while they are still keen.4.6 AmbassadorsBritish Gas has developed a network of engineering ambassadors from its workforce apprentices, trainees and serve engineers who provide support to the diversity team in recruitment and awareness-raising activities including school visits, careers events and taster days. They areable to promote a positive side to engineering and their ability to tell people firsthand what they do on a day-to-day terms and what it is really like to work for the organization is a powerful tool in changing perceptions and in motivating young people, women and those from a BME background to consider a non-traditional career in engineering. The ambassadors are also used as role models in pr omotional materials such as DVDs, recruitment brochures and the Academys dedicated website, and in media campaigns.5.0 grooming and Development educational activity alters people to perform better in their jobs, when they perform better they feel pride and fulfillment. (Allen, 1996)To attempt to identify the dynamics in an organization which demonstrate that maturation of self and others is being taken seriously at all levels and that such investment is having a positive impact on individual and corporate performance. Such a quest begs all sorts of questions, Does strategic training only incorporate that which has a quantifiable effect on business objectives.( Mabey and Salaman ,1999)5.1 British Gas Training & DevelopmentAt British Gas take training and development very seriously, beginning with an instauration program that will give all the skills need to succeed. They want people training to be a rewarding and enjoyable experience, so have made sure that trainees are involved all the way through from day one until graduation. And trainees will find that the more they put in, the more theyll get out, with the crowning(prenominal) goal to be ready for a role within one of our existing British Gas Energy Sales teams. Trainees will learn not only about the history of British Gas, but also brand and what it means. Naturally this will include their fantastic products and services, so trainees have the confidence to chide to people about all their energy and home services needs. Companyll also look at the important gross sales side of the role, helping trainees refine their existing skills, or develop new ones if they dont come from a sales background.Once completed training, theyll be supported through their first few weeks by an experienced buddy who willbe on hand to offer focussing and develop skills further. In addition manager will also regularly review mount and dish out any queries so trainee wont be left feeling on their own. In short, company ha s an excellent training package waiting for recruits. Training that will give them the skills and knowledge which, in addition to natural enthusiasm, will help take advantage of company position as the largest energy supplier in the UK when speaking with prospective and existing customers. Recruitll also be rewarded for efforts with continued development opportunities.5.2 British Gas AcademyBBBBB Energy AcademyBox 2 The British Gas Energy Academy open in 2003, the British Gas Energy Academy (the Academy) was set up to terminus a severe shortage of qualified gas engineers. This was caused largely by the privatization of the gas industry in 1986, which led to major fragmentation of the industry large organizations were broken up while new players entered the market, and the number of qualified engineers in the UK failed to keep up with demand. With a plan to recruit an additive 5,000 new engineers by 2007/08 to address this skills shortage, and recognizing the significant financial investment this would involve, British Gas created the Academy, bringing together existing internal training centers, the recruitment function and the management of third-party training.This facility enabled British Gas to recruit and train large groups of equal individuals to become fully competent engineers. The Academy runs two types of training programs for those who choose a career as an engineer it offers apprenticeships for individuals wishing to become technical engineers responsible for central heating system maintenance and installation, and traineeships, primarily for people looking for a career change, so they become qualified engineers responsible for maintaining electrical and gas appliances. In addition to training new recruits, the training centers are used for mandatory competency training and three-yearly assessments of trained engineers to ensure they maintain their skills and keep up to date with new information and technologies.Today the knock back of the Ac ademy has since been expanded to handle all volume recruitment for British Gas, including call centre and sales staff as well as induction and skills training for call centre and operational agents and team leaders allrecruitment is channeled through a dedicated website, www.britishgasacademy.co.uk, which has around 38,000 visitors a month the Academy invests around 30 million each year recruiting and training staff training is delivered at a number of purpose-built facilities across the UK, stretching from Hamilton in Scotland to hatcham in Berkshire.6.0 Performance ManagementPerformance management is a process on performance measurement approaches, such as the balanced scorecard. While the balanced scorecard offers a framework for the collection of strategic information, performance management ensures that results are used to influence the selection of planned actions and to foster the renewal of dynamic, competitive strategy. Unlike most tools and techniques, performance manag ement is a continuous, enterprise-wide process, rather than a one-time, isolated event. Six Performance Management imperatives are Compliance Management, Profitability Management, personify Management, Performance Improvement, and Business Innovation6.1 British Gas Performance ManagementBritish Gas performance appraisals Serve as an objective basis for communicating about performance and Enable the employee to differentiate between unacceptable and acceptable results. Increasing job, inform new expectations about job performance and encouraging the open and trusting relationship with employees. Performance expectations are the foundation for appraising employee performance. Standards recognize is a baseline for cadence performance. From performance standards, supervisors can provide specific feedback relating the gap between expected and actual performance. 6.2 British Gas use following steps to review employee performancesAsk the employee to meet for the review have the employee estimate progress-to-date. scram meeting by asking employee to estimate progress-to-date toward each goal. Listen to employees comments and take notes. Discuss progress and praise employee, Manager and employee need to engage in fact-finding and determining progress-to-date. It is vital thatregardless of how furthermost away employee is from meeting the goal, manager praise him/her for his/her progress-to-date. Re-negotiate goals and/or resources where deviation is significant, If the deviation is downward, manager and his employee should discuss causes and solutions to harmonize on appropriate actions. Appropriate actions may include increasing available resources, agreeing on activities which will enable employee to meet goals or adjust the goals downward.If, on the other hand, employee is exceeding goals, manager should discuss how added effort and/or resources may be utilized to further exceed the goal. Manager and his employee may decide to add additional goals at this time as well. Write down new agreements and set a follow-up date, birth notes during the discussion. These should be used as a summary of the agreements so that both manager and his employee can review them. A new follow-up session should be scheduled at a time when the data will be available to evaluate progress toward the goal(s). Thank employee, But what if the performance has been below hold targets the appraiser must be able to review and set objectives which will improve performance.Performances discussions are monitored externally to ensure consistency .Staff are introduced to a series of mutual benefits. For the individual it stressed clarity of expectations, strengths, feedback on results and the improvement in motivation and ability to independently gain recognition. For the organization it stresses performance, team sprit, accountability, reduced errors and flexibility. Performance appraisals looks forward to agree standards, targets and training that will help improve perf ormance and achieve company business objectives.7.0 ReferencesArmstrong,M.(2007)A hand book of human resource management practice ,10th ed,London Kogan PageHendry,C.(1995) Human resource management a strategic approach to employment , initiatory ed, Oxford Butterworth HeinemannMarbey,C and Salaman,G. (1998) Human resource management a strategic introduction ,2nd ed, Oxford Blackwell PublishersBratton,J and Gold,j.(2000) Human resource management theory and practice ,2nd ed,London MACMILLAN pressSchuler,R and Jackson,S (1999) Strategic human resource management , 1st ed, Oxford Blackwell PublishersAllen,J.(1996) Motivating people , 1st ed, London Kogan PageForsyth,P.(2001) Developing your staff, 2nd ed, London Kogan PagePettinger,R and Allen,K.(2007) Weekend MBA , 1st ed, West Sussex John Willy & SonsBritish Gas (2009)Valuing Employees, web page accessed on 19/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukTotal Success (2009) Performance Appraisals, web page accessed on 13/12/2009 from htt p//www.totalsuccess.co.ukGuardian (2009) British energy industry, web page accessed on 10/12/2009 from http// www.guardian.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)British gas academy, web page accessed on 17/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)Our business, web page accessed on 08/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)Career influencers, web page accessed on 15/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)Resources, web page accessed on 18/12/2009 from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)how weve structured, web page accessed on 19/12/2009from http//www.britishgas.co.ukBritish Gas (2009)Training and development, web page accessed on 19/12/2009 from http//www.britishgasjobs.co.uk

Study Questions 4

Lesson 1 (3. 0 points) 1. What is credit? (0. 5 points) The ability to obtain goods or serve before payment, based on the trust that payment go forth be made in the upcoming unlimited credit. 2. What is a credit score? (0. 5 points) Your credit score is a three-digit chip generated by a mathematical algorithm using information in your credit report 3. What is instalment credit? (0. 5 points) a lend repaid with interest in equal periodic payments. 4. What is revolving credit? (0. 5 points) Credit that is automatically renewed as debts are paid off. . What is noninstallment credit? (0. 5 points) Non-installment credit diagnose to a system of credit that is payable in one lump-sum amount by a condition date 6. touch at least one section of a credit report. (0. 5 points) lenders Lesson 2 (3. 0 points) 1. Name at least one of the steps in establishing credit. (0. 5 points) Incorporate your business. 2. Name at least one alternate option to establishing credit if you are unable to get a credit card yet. (0. 5 points) Get a secured credit card. 3. What is debt services default? 0. 5 points) When an individual, fellowship or sovereign nation borrows money, there are usually legal obligations that have been set place in a debt contract 4. What is the Better lineage Bureau? (0. 5 points) A Better Business Bureau (BBB) is a private, nonprofit organization that provides services and programs to assist consumers and businesses 5. What is a debt settlement program? (0. 5 points) is an approach to debt reduction in which the debtor and creditor agree on a reduced balance that will be regarded as payment in full. 1 6. What is bankruptcy? (0. 5 points) The state of being bankrupt more companies were facing bankruptcy bankruptcy proceedings. Lesson 3 (3. 0 points) 1. What is an annual constituent rate? (0. 5 points) the rate, for a payment period, multiplied by the number of payment periods in a year. 2. What is an annual percentage yield? (0. 5 points) The effe ctive annual rate of return taking into account the effect of intensify interest. APY is calculated by 3. Name at least one advantage of credit cards. 0. 5 points) stretch free use of funds, provided you always pay your balance in full, on time 4. Name at least one disadvantage of credit cards. (0. 5 points) Cost much more than other forms of credit, much(prenominal) as a line of credit or a personal loan, if you dont pay on time. 5. If you call for out a $1,000 loan for college at 7% interest, what is the principal? (0. 5 points) $1000 6. What is a loan? (0. 5 points) A thing that is borrowed, esp. a sum of money that is expected to be paid okay with interest.

Affirmative Action Debate and Economics

Yuching Lin ECON 395 The affirmative reach Debate approbative deed has lately convey the center of a major public flip everywhere in the unify States, which has led to the matter of numerous studies on its efficiency, costs, and benefits. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ended occupy and manipulation discrimination found on gender and race, signifi suffertly decreasing the gap between minorities and non-minorities. Minorities make major progress from the 1960s up through the early 1970s due to Affirmative carry through (J peerlesss, Jr. 1985). However, for the past few decades, the progress that minorities pass made in terms of income, employment and information has largely stagnated. California, Michigan, Nebraska, and Washington State have recently banned racial advantage in employment and college admissions, and Proposition 209 of California has disallowed the preferential treatment of minorities, with opponents of Affirmative Action lobbying for to a greater design widespread bans on convertible policies while expecters argue fiercely against the removal of Affirmative Action policies.As can be seen, Affirmative Actions spot in the United States now is very dynamic due to shifting courtyard decisions and policy plans. Additionally, returns to culture have been increasing in recent decades, and as a result, income ine type has besides increased the growing demand for highly skilled workers (workers with high levels of post-secondary education) and the stagnancy of American education (with the added item that high quality colleges have become even higher quality and even more than selective while lower tier colleges have decreased in quality) has led to ever-increasing wages for the highly skilled.This scientific discipline Biased Technological Change has led to a widening income gap between the rich and the poor. Naturally, this well affects black and Hispanic minorities, who atomic number 18 more likely than non-minorities to be part of the working class or below the poverty line, which raises the stakes in the debate on Affirmative Action. Today, both sides on the debate can bolster their arguments with certify provided by economic and social question on the policies. But in that respect argon additional questions to be answered is Affirmative Action justified on moral grounds? flush toilet we balance economic efficiency with equity?Is Affirmative Action the best policy for addressing racial inequalities? Do policies that increase diversity result in positive externalities much(prenominal) as reduced bias and indirect benefits beyond education and career success? One will dis squeeze that, after thorough summary of research concerning Affirmative Action, it is still tall(prenominal) to form a definitive conclusion on the results of the policies. Nevertheless, in that respect is much to learn from the research that has been conducted as of present, and one can now better steer research in a direction that will uncover the real benefits and shortcomings of Affirmative Action.To begin with, the debate on the efficiency of Affirmative Action policies is still very much unsettled. Opponents claim that they actually result in several negative cause on the minorities the policies are intended to benefit, arguing that minority students admitted into overly combative programs are more likely to drop out than mismatched non-minority students due to the increased competition, which would actually exacerbate the income gap since black income has been shown to decrease even more than white income after dropping out of college (Loury, 1995).A proposed smirch surmisal suggests that preferential treatment perpetuates the impression of inferiority while simultaneously lowering incentives for high academician effort from minorities (Murray, 1994). And yet a nonher underperformance hypothesis by Steele (1990) suggests that blacks academic perform ance suffers when they are aware that usual standards are lowered in methodicalness to accommodate them.However, there costs no research with strong, conclusive results that support these claims in contrast, the race difference in graduation rates is no larger at the just about selective institutions, and blacks have been shown to benefit from the increased admission to selective universities (Holzer and Neumark, 2000). A weigh by Cortes (2010) on the Texas Top 10% Plan claims that the banning of Affirmative Action actually increases college dropout rates for minorities and finds that the mismatch hypothesis is inaccurate.Because quantifying the economic benefits of Affirmative Action is exceedingly complicated, comparing the total costs and benefits of the policy becomes exceptionally difficult for policy-makers. Holzer and Neumark (2000) note that university admissions policies are not necessarily economically efficient to begin with, which further complicates matters since researchers do not have a definitive point of efficiency to which they can compare the results of Affirmative Action.Administrative costs and externalities moldiness as well be factored into the pretendings, when economists have not yet even managed to create a viable model for the effects of Affirmative Action policies. For example, minority students in medical school are less likely to reach as high a level of expertise as non-minorities, but they are more likely to treat minority patients, generating a positive externality (Holzer and Neumark, 2000). Another point made in the debate on Affirmative Action is that diversity whitethorn improve the educational quality of a university.Many educators believe that diversity in colleges is inherently skillful students can learn from other students whose experiences and backgrounds give them a whole different set of views and capabilities. Several studies have actually correlated increased diversity in student bodies with improvements in protrudes such(prenominal) as racial prejudice and bias, although results vary depending on study design, extent and type of diversity, and the issue of interest (Bowman, 2010).Even so, other researchers are likely to reject such evidence since variables such as attitudes, inter-racial relations, and even school quality (as a result of increased diversity) are difficult to sterilize and accurately quantify (Holzer and Neumark, 2000). Research has a good deal demonstrated very unclear results, usually only rickety suggesting a few conclusions while likewise providing some snips conflicting conclusions one study on the effects of diverse student bodies found that there was no effect on post-college earnings, an increase in expiation with college experiences, and a decrease in community service (Hinrichs, 2011).Interestingly, a recent study in college admissions based on merit, race, and legacy suggests that the removal of race-preferential treatment may actually decrease the ability of the student dust since colleges may be inclined to increase legacy-based admissions due to the current economic climate (Li and Weisman, 2011). However, they do also propose that there is a possibility that colleges would need to eliminate all preferences barring merit in order to produce the most-able student body.Overall, it is generally agreed that more accurate methods for measuring school quality and the quality of school inputs are necessary if more conclusive results on education differentials effects on unobserved skills, attitudes, and racial income inequality are to be found. While it is without a doubt that Affirmative Action increases admission and employment rates for minorities, there is much speculation as to whether it is the most effective policy. Researchers are not confident yet of how different variables interact to affect income, employment rates, and other indicators of success.As a result, one will lots find seemingly conflicting entropy as exem plified by Card and Kruegers (1992) findings that 5-20% of the post 1960 black gains were due to improved school quality while Smith and Welch (1989) claimed that 20-25% of black gains were a result of improved school quantity, which they asserted should be the focus of educational policies. Moreover, it is well known that employers often discriminate based on race, whether purposefully or unconsciously, and that this authoritatively shams labor market outcomes.Affirmative Action can only do so much to address employment discrimination in some models, the issue of negative racial stereotypes can be exacerbated by the application of such policies (Holzer and Neumark, 2000). In addition, some suggest targeting education inequalities in primary and secondary education as opposed to implementing race-preferential treatment in post-secondary education as a more efficient and equitable policy, although efforts such as NCLB have only slightly improved primary and secondary education in equalities.The primary and secondary education quality in the United States is in dire need of improvement already high school graduation rates have stagnated, and school quality is falling behind when compared to the educational systems of other developed countries. There also exist other complicated variables that need to be addressed in order to close the income gaps between minorities and non-minorities such as the inheritance of learning abilities/behavior, ghetto culture, and the underclass (Jencks, 1993). As one can expect, research concerning controversial issues often suffers from researcher bias.Economic research typically entails numerous variables and methods in order to reach conclusions, and more often than not, results are varied and ambiguous, especially in this particular branch concerning Affirmative Action. It is a simple matter to selectively exclude certain results in order to make it appear as if a research study conclusively supports or rejects Affirmative Act ion as a beneficial policy, should one wish to do so. Literature searches can quickly turn up very obviously biased articles with weak evidence and unreasonable claims.Furthermore, past research has indicated that the types of models used in studies can have a significant impact on the results, further obfuscating the conclusions on the effectiveness of the policies. In fact, as of present, research on the policies has resulted in in the main ambiguous conclusions, although it is of my opinion that studies in general very slightly lean toward suggesting that Affirmative Action is beneficial as a whole research studies that conclusively reject Affirmative Action as a viable policy are few and far between, and it is even difficult to find studies that demonstrate significant negative effects.In order to obtain more accurate data, researchers would optimally be able to create observational studies with control and treatment groups, but this is very unlikely to occur due to the uneth ical properties of such studies. Clearly, it has become even more imperative that researchers improve models on the efficiency of Affirmative Action policies in order to obtain more reliable data to demonstrate with greater confidence the effects of the policy. Of course, these topics only cover the economic justifications for Affirmative Action, which is clearly also a matter of social justice.There is an endless cycle of philosophy-based debates on the policy should we as a society aim for equity or efficiency? If we are volition to sacrifice some efficiency for equity, how much is optimal? There is also the question of whether society has a responsibility to remedy the present effects of past discrimination, which begins another entire debate about the responsibility of heap today for wrongs committed by ancestors (Jones Jr. , 1985).Some also believe that Affirmative Action devalues the achievements of minorities since credit may be given to race-preferential treatment instead of to the individuals who accomplish those feats this can lead to further racial prejudice and bias, possibly encouraging the continuation of racial discrimination in job employment. There are also suggestions that perhaps policies ought to focus on helping the part of the minority population with low socioeconomic status so as to avoid situations in which wealthy black students may be given preferential treatment over more qualified white students living below the poverty line.The debate over Affirmative Action for women is also just as controversial, for women also suffer from income inequality, but they still put one across the same advantages that their male siblings receive. Therefore, one can argue that women are not put at a disadvantage early on in life and that they should not require preferential treatment in admissions or employment. In fact, women who benefit from Affirmative Action are much less likely than racial minorities to be lower-qualified and less-skilled, sug gesting that implementing a preferential treatment policy may be inequitable in this case.Even more abstract of an argument is the claim that men and women will never reach perfect equality since they inherently desire different careers and hold differing aspirations for lifetime achievements. As can be seen, there is literally a myriad of issues that factor into the debate on Affirmative Action. The field of research concerning the topic is beset by the typical problems plaguing education and economics research education quality and educational inputs to schools are difficult to measure, as are the effects on income, employment rates, job characteristics, etc. The lack of experimental data lends no help.The effects of nationally implemented legislation are difficult to track and quantify because of differences over time and across states (Altonji and Blank, 1999). Compiling data at a national level is also vastly long and challenging. Though neither side has conclusive evidence t hat supports their argument, studies that reveal tentative conclusions on the effects of Affirmative Action policies are emerging, and models are slowly approaching real-world utility. As research continues, hopefully the accumulation of data and models will allow researchers to uncover the true effects of Affirmative Action.References Altonji, Joseph G. and Rebecca M. Blank. 1999. Race and Gender in the cranch Market. In Handbook of Labor Economics, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and David E. Card, 3143- 3259. San Diego Elsevier B. V. Bowman, Nicholas A. 2010. College Diversity Experiences and Cognitive Development A Meta Analysis. check into of developmental Research 80(1)4-33. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger. 1992. School quality and black-white relative earnings a direct assessment. Quarterly ledger of Economics 107151-200. Cortes, Kalena E. 2010. Do Bans on Affirmative Action Hurt Minority Students?Evidence from the Texas Top 10% Plan. Economics of Education Review 29(6)11 10-1124. Dong, Li and Dennis L. Weisman. Why Preferences in College Admissions May Yield a More- up to(p) Student Body. Economics of Education Review 30(4)724-728. Hinrichs, Peter. 2011. The Effects of Attending a Diverse College. Economics of Education Review 30(2)332-241. Holzer, Harry and David Neumark. 2000. Assessing Affirmative Action, Journal of Economic Literature 38483-568. Jencks, C. 1993. Rethinking Social Policy Race, Poverty, and the Underclass. overbold York HarperPerennial. Jones Jr. , James E. 1985. The Genesis and Present Status of Affirmative Action in Employment Economic, Legal, and governmental Realities. Iowa Law Review 70901-923. Loury, Linda D. and David Garman. 1995. College Selectivity and Earnings. Journal of Labor Economics 13289-208. Murray, Charles. 1994. Affirmative Racism, In Debating Affirmative Action Race, Gender, Ethnicity, and the Politics of Inclusion, edited by Nicolaus Mills. 191-208. New York Delta. Steele, Shelby. 1990. The Content of Our Character. New York St. Martins Press. Smith, James P. and force out Welch. 1989. Black Economic Progress after Myrdal. Journal of Economic Literature 27519-564.